Under the doctrine of res judicata, which statement is accurate?

• A. A final judgment on the merits bars subsequent actions on the same claim only if the plaintiff loses.
• B. Res judicata permits filing anew after a final judgment if new evidence emerges.
• C. Res judicata applies only to criminal cases.
• D. A final judgment on the merits bars subsequent actions on the same claim against the same parties or those in privity; identity of parties and causes of action is required.

Answer: (D)